P28 Flicker Studies

Objectives

• Understand voltage fluctuation phenomena including flicker, step voltage change, and rapid voltage change (RVC).
• Understanding of P28 limits under normal and disturbance conditions.
• Assess the impact of transformer energization and switching events on network voltage.

Key Topics

• Overview of voltage disturbances: flicker, step voltage change, and RVC.
• Short-term (Pst) and long-term (Plt) flicker indices.
• Step voltage change (ΔV%) due to power swings and loss of generation.
• Rapid Voltage Change (RVC) limits and assessment criteria.
• Transformer energization and inrush current effects on voltage.

Practical Focus

• Assessment of flicker levels (Pst, Plt) under varying operating conditions.
• Understanding the different fluctuation phenomenon such as step voltage change due to loss of generation, rapid voltage changes and power swings.
• Verification of compliance with P28 limits at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC).

Learning Outcomes

• Ability to assess flicker, step voltage change, and RVC in accordance with P28.
• Understanding transformer energization impacts on system voltage.

Standards & References

• ENA Engineering Recommendation P28 – Voltage Fluctuations.

Certification & Delivery

• Certificate of Completion awarded.
• Delivery Mode: Online (On-demand).
• Corporate and customized training available on request.

Prerequisites

• Basic understanding of power quality and voltage variation concepts.
• Familiarity with load flow and voltage profile analysis.
• Awareness of switching events and transformer operation.